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Thursday, December 14, 2017

!3th Century Medieval Wheel Clock

Here are some images of Lindberg Models 1/1 scale 13th Century Medieval Wheel Clock. Or was that 15th Century? I guess it would depend on what release you buy.
Now if I can only get the darn thing to work.

From Wikipedia"
The verge (or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the mechanism in a mechanical clock that controls its rate by allowing the gear train to advance at regular intervals or 'ticks'. Its origin is unknown. Verge escapements were used from the 14th century until the mid 19th century in clocks and pocketwatches. The name verge comes from the Latin virga, meaning stick or rod.
Its invention is important in the history of technology, because it made possible the development of all-mechanical clocks. This caused a shift from measuring time by continuous processes, such as the flow of liquid in water clocks, to repetitive, oscillatory processes, such as the swing of pendulums, which had the potential to be more accurate. Oscillating timekeepers are used in all modern timepieces.

The verge escapement dates from 13th-century Europe, where its invention led to the development of the first all-mechanical clocks. Starting in the 13th century, large tower clocks were built in European town squares, cathedrals, and monasteries. They kept time by using the verge escapement to drive the foliot, a primitive type of balance wheel, causing it to oscillate back and forth. The foliot was a horizontal bar with weights on the ends, and the rate of the clock could be adjusted by sliding the weights in or out on the bar.
The verge probably evolved from the alarum, which used the same mechanism to ring a bell and had appeared centuries earlier. There has been speculation that Villard de Honnecourt invented the verge escapement in 1237 with an illustration of a strange mechanism to turn an angel statue to follow the sun with its finger, but the consensus is that this was not an escapement.
It is believed that sometime in the late 13th century the verge escapement mechanism was applied to tower clocks, creating the first mechanical clock. In spite of the fact that these clocks were celebrated objects of civic pride which were written about at the time, it may never be known when the new escapement was first used. This is because it has proven difficult to distinguish from the meager written documentation which of these early tower clocks were mechanical, and which were water clocks; the same Latin word, horologe, was used for both. None of the original mechanisms have survived unaltered. Sources differ on which was the first clock 'known' to be mechanical, depending on which manuscript evidence they regard as conclusive. One candidate is the Dunstable Priory clock in Bedfordshire, England built in 1283, because accounts say it was installed above the rood screen, where it would be difficult to replenish the water needed for a water clock. Another is the clock built at the Palace of the Visconti, Milan, Italy, in 1335. However, there is agreement that mechanical clocks existed by the late 13th century.
The earliest description of an escapement, in Richard of Wallingford's 1327 manuscript Tractatus Horologii Astronomici on the clock he built at the Abbey of St. Albans, was not a verge, but a variation called a 'strob' escapement. It consisted of a pair of escape wheels on the same axle, with alternating radial teeth. The verge rod was suspended between them, with a short crosspiece that rotated first in one direction and then the other as the staggered teeth pushed past. Although no other example is known, it is possible that this design preceded the verge in clocks.
For the first two hundred years or so of the clock's existence, the verge was the only escapement used in mechanical clocks. In the sixteenth century alternative escapements started to appear, but the verge remained the most used escapement for 350 years until mid-17th century advances in mechanics, which also resulted in the invention of the pendulum.  Since clocks were valuable, after the invention of the pendulum many verge clocks were rebuilt to use this more accurate timekeeping technology, so very few of the early verge and foliot clocks have survived unaltered to the present day.
How accurate the first verge and foliot clocks were is debatable, with estimates of one to two hours error per day being mentioned, although modern experiments with clocks of this construction show accuracies of minutes per day were achievable. Early verge clocks were probably no more accurate than the previous water clocks, but they did not freeze in winter and were a more promising technology for innovation. By the mid-17th century, when the pendulum replaced the foliot, the best verge and foliot clocks had achieved an accuracy of 15 minutes per day.
 Most of the gross inaccuracy of the early verge and foliot clocks was not due to the escapement itself, but to the foliot oscillator. The first use of pendulums in clocks around 1656 suddenly increased the accuracy of the verge clock from hours a day to minutes a day. Most clocks were rebuilt with their foliots replaced by pendulums, to the extent that it is difficult to find original verge and foliot clocks intact today. A similar increase in accuracy in verge watches followed the introduction of the balance spring in 1658.

The verge escapement consists of a wheel shaped like a crown, with sawtooth-shaped teeth protruding axially toward the front, and with its axis oriented horizontally. In front of it is a vertical rod, the verge, with two metal plates, the pallets, that engage the teeth at opposite sides of the crown wheel. The pallets are not parallel, but are oriented with an angle in between them so only one catches the teeth at a time. The balance wheel (or the pendulum) is mounted at the end of the verge rod. As the clock's gears turn the crown wheel, one of its teeth pushes on a pallet, rotating the verge in one direction, and rotating the second pallet into the path of the teeth on the opposite side of the wheel, until the tooth pushes past the first pallet. Then a tooth on the wheel's opposite side contacts the second pallet, rotating the verge back the other direction, and the cycle repeats. The result is to change the rotary motion of the wheel to an oscillating motion of the verge. Each swing of the foliot or pendulum thus allows one tooth of the escape wheel to pass, advancing the wheel train of the clock by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward at a constant rate.
The crown wheel must have an odd number of teeth for the escapement to function. With an even number, two opposing teeth will contact the pallets at the same time, jamming the escapement. The usual angle between the pallets was 90° to 105°, resulting in a foliot or pendulum swing of around 80° to 100°. In order to reduce the pendulum's swing to make it more isochronous, the French used larger pallet angles, upwards of 115°. This reduced the pendulum swing to around 50° and reduced recoil (below), but required the verge to be located so near the crown wheel that the teeth fell on the pallets very near the axis, reducing initial leverage and increasing friction, thus requiring lighter pendulums.
As might be expected from its early invention, the verge is the most inaccurate of the widely used escapements. It suffers from these problems:
  • Verge watches and clocks are sensitive to changes in the drive force; they slow down as the mainspring unwinds. This is called lack of isochronism. It was much worse in verge and foliot clocks due to the lack of a balance spring, but is a problem in all verge movements. In fact, the standard method of adjusting the rate of early verge watches was to alter the force of the mainspring. The cause of this problem is that the crown wheel teeth are always pushing on the pallets, driving the pendulum (or balance wheel) throughout its cycle; it is never allowed to swing freely. All verge watches and spring driven clocks required fusees to equalize the force of the mainspring to achieve even minimal accuracy.
  • The escapement has "recoil", meaning that the momentum of the foliot or pendulum pushes the crown wheel backward momentarily, causing the clock's wheel train to move backward, during part of its cycle. This increases friction and wear, resulting in inaccuracy. One way to tell whether an antique watch has a verge escapement is to observe the second hand closely; if it moves backward a little during each cycle, the watch is a verge. This is not necessarily the case in clocks, as there are some other pendulum escapements which exhibit recoil.
  • In pendulum clocks, the wide pendulum swing angles of 80°-100° required by the verge cause an additional lack of isochronism due to circular error.
  • The wide pendulum swings also cause a lot of air friction, reducing the accuracy of the pendulum, and requiring a lot of power to keep it going, increasing wear. So verge pendulum clocks had lighter bobs, which reduced accuracy.
  • Verge timepieces tend to accelerate as the crown wheel and the pallets wear down. This is particularly evident in verge watches from the mid-18th century onwards. It is not in the least unusual for these watches, when run today, to gain many hours per day, or to simply spin as if there were no balance present. The reason for this is that as new escapements were invented, it became the fashion to have a thin watch. To achieve this in a verge watch requires the crown wheel to be made very small, magnifying the effects of wear.

Verge escapements were used in virtually all clocks and watches for 400 years. Then the increase in accuracy due to the introduction of the pendulum and balance spring in the mid 17th century focused attention on error caused by the escapement. By the 1820s, the verge was superseded by better escapements, though many examples of mid 19th century verge watches exist, as they were much cheaper by this time.
In pocketwatches, besides its inaccuracy, the vertical orientation of the crown wheel and the need for a bulky fusee made the verge movement unfashionably thick. French watchmakers adopted the thinner cylinder escapement, invented in 1695. In England, high end watches went to the duplex escapement, developed in 1782, but inexpensive verge fusee watches continued to be produced until the mid 19th century, when the lever escapement took over. These later verge watches were colloquially called 'turnips' because of their bulky build.
The verge was only used briefly in pendulum clocks before it was replaced by the anchor escapement, invented around 1660 and widely used beginning in 1680. The problem with the verge was that it required the pendulum to swing in a wide arc of 80° to 100°. Christiaan Huygens in 1674 showed that a pendulum swinging in a wide arc is an inaccurate timekeeper, because its period of swing is sensitive to small changes in the drive force provided by the clock mechanism.
Although the verge is not known for accuracy, it is capable of it. The first successful marine chronometers, H4 and H5, made by John Harrison in 1759 and 1770, used verge escapements with diamond pallets., In trials they were accurate to within a fifth of a second per day.
Today the verge is seen only in antique or antique-replica timepieces. Many original bracket clocks have their Victorian-era anchor escapement conversions undone and the original style of verge escapement restored. Clockmakers call this a verge reconversion.

15 comments:

Motorsport Modeller said...

That's very cool, does it actually work?

-Warren Zoell said...

It's supposed to but I'm having trouble with it.

Motorsport Modeller said...

Use the old tried and tested method, give it a belt...

-Warren Zoell said...

LOL! That's always the way.

Anonymous said...

It's beautiful! Too bad it's not as functional as promised, but I have faith in you! If anyone can truly bring a Lindbergh kit to life, it's you!

-Warren Zoell said...

Thanks Bryce! I think the teeth on the the crown wheel have to be pulled up a little higher. Plus the rope has a tendency of slipping . Maybe if I gave to notch on the wheel that the rope sits in a rough sanding. I figure it out.

Anonymous said...

I have one of these - built in my youth, and been on one wall or another for the last 45 years, or so.
Mine is NOT currently working because I've lost the two weights for the rope in a move. Is there any documentation on these weights? I'd welcome the "click - click - click" once again.
Julius Harrell

-Warren Zoell said...

All I can tell you is that the large weight has to be 7 ounces and the small weight has to be 3/4 ounce.

marv said...

BOUGHT ONE A GARAGE SALE FOR 50 CENTS I GOT IT TOGETHER AND I ALSO AM HAVING TROUBLE WITH THE ROPE SLIDING THERE WAS SOME PINS MISSING AND I USED A DRILL BIT BROKEN OFF. MINE SEEMS TO WORK BUT MISSING ONE OF THE NUTS TO HOLD IT TOGETHER. ALSO HAD A TIME GETTING THE NAILS IN THE WEIGHT ENDED UP 8 SHY IN THE BIG ONE ALSO NO SCREWS TO HOLD IT TOGETHER. TAPED IT WEIGHTS I MEAN IF I CAN GET THE ROPE TO STAY IT WILL WORK. TRY THE SANDING
MARV

-Warren Zoell said...

I will. Thanks Marv!!

Anonymous said...

I had one when I was 9/10ish. My little brother (2ish) pulled it off the wall and irreparably broke it. I've wanted to replace it for 50 years; is this still available? If so, contact me; jeffreydjudson@yahoo.com use "Clock" in the subject line.

Also, it's been 50 years since I've had mine, but I was very attached to it, and remember it well, and I know the problems you refer to. I took a triangle rat-tail file to cut the grooves (Teeth) in the pulley deeper, and (I think) my father sprayed the rope and pulley with a belt adhesive he used on the fan belts & stuff on his cars. It ran quite well for a few years after that. ...All things considered... I don't remember if it was fast, or slow, but I would 'only' have to adjust the time every week or several days. I think (a lot of years here) that the weights on the 'pendulum' were in different locations; one was 1 notch out from the one on the other side. I don't remember, but it seems the one on the left was the one 1 notch out...?

Thanks for the memories, guys, and I hope someone tells me (soon) that this kit is still available, or someone knows where one is at that is all there and for sale.

Have a great weekend!

Jeffrey

-Warren Zoell said...

Hi Jeffrey - Thanks for the info. It's good to know. I believe the kit hasn't been re released since the early 70's I do know however that they do show up from time to time on Ebay. Kits in excellent condition can fetch a hefty price though. Just keep an eye out and you'll find one eventually at a decent price.

D. Citharista said...

I bought one of these clock kits en eBay: everything is there but the wag weights :-/ Can anyone tell me how much the wag weights are supposed to weigh? The instructions are remarkably silent on this point....

Sol said...

I have one of these, assembled and boxed-away for decades. Missing one of the 'wag weights' and the ratchet pawl & spring. Am considering adding a small stepper motor and Arduino micro-controller to the escapement to engage the pins (i.e. Geneva mechanism) and drive it silently.

(12hr = 48/4*56/7*48/6*17 = 13056 pins = 1088 pins/hr = 3.308823 sec/pin)

Has anyone else played with this model with other ways to drive it?

-Warren Zoell said...

A motor is a good idea. I may do the same.